Abbreviations, Signs
& Publications
ALD = Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Oxford unless otherwise indicated. See Hornby etc at 11.2 below.
CAL(D) Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary.
CEPD Cambridge EPD (qv)
CGP(E) = Cruttenden's (revisions of) Gimson's Pronunciation of English (1994...2008)
CID = Cambridge International Dictionary
COD Concise Oxford Dictionary
CPD = the JWL OUP Concise
Pronouncing
Dictionary. See §11.2 on this website
EAL = English as an Additional Language
EEL = English as an Extra Language
EFL = English as a Foreign Language
ELT(J)= English Language Teaching (Journal)
EPD English Pronouncing Dictionary 1917 - 2006
GA = General American (sc English Pronunciation)
GB = General British (sc English Pronunciation)
HHS = Hanks, Patrick & Hodges, F: A Dictionary of Surnames
LD(O)C(E) Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English ~
LPD = Longman Dictionary of Pronunciation Wells (1.1990; 2.1908 3.2008)
MWO See Merriam-WebsterOnline Dictionary
OALD The Oxford "ALD" (qv)
OBG Oxford BBC Guide to Pronunciation Olausson, L & Sangster, C
ODP Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation Upton et al. See
below
OED See Murray etc
below
p(ro)n ie pronunciation
RHD See Random
etc below
TPS Transactions of the Philogical Society
Web(3) Webster's
Third International Dictionary (1961)
Signs
Aside from universally known symbols the following signs
are employed at various places on this site to indicate the currencies
of particular pronunciations of words
˚ placed immediately after a word's transcription indicates
that it is relatively speaking the sole pronunciation the word
receives
˃
or > similarly placed indicates that it is the most frequently
occurring
pronunciation of the word it follows but that there are others
which may be termed subvariants as opposed to approximately equally
common alternants which may be termed co-variants
˂ or < indicates that the pronunciation is not considered to be the most frequent one of the word in question
Publications Referred to
other than by JWL for which see Personal ie §10.2 on this
website
- Abercrombie, D. (1951) 'The Way People Speak' in The Listener
(6
Sept BBC London) reprinted in 1965 as 'R.P. and Local Accent' in
Studies in Phonetics and Linguistics OUP, London.
- Abercrombie, D. (1953) English Accents in English Language
Teaching. British Council, London. Reprinted in Problems and Principles.
1956.
Longman, London.
- Abercrombie, D. (1964). English
Phonetic Texts. London: Faber & Faber Ltd.
- Abercrombie, D. (1967). Elements
of General Phonetics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University
Press.
- Armstrong, Lilias E. (1923) An
English Phonetic Reader. University of London Press.
- Armstrong, Lilias E. (1929, 1939) The Phonetics of English Cambridge,
England: Heffer
- Armstrong, Lilias E. & Ward, Ida C. (1926) A Handbook of English Intonation
Cambridge,
England: Heffer
- Baker, Ernest A. (1932) New English Dictionary London: Odhams Press
- Barber, C. (1964) Linguistic
Change in Present-Day English. Oliver and Boyd. Edinburgh
- Beniowski, Major Bartłomiej English Pronouncing & Orthographical Dictionary London 1845
- Brazil, D., Coulthard, M. and Johns, C. (1980). Discourse Intonation and
Language Teaching.
London: Longman
- Brown, G. (1977). Listening
to
Spoken English. London: Longman.
- Cambridge
English Pronouncing
Dictionary (1917 - 2006) by Daniel Jones edited by Roach,
Setter
& Hartman ("EPD")
- Catford, J. C. (1977)
Fundamental
Problems in Phonetics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University
Press.
- Chomsky, N. and Halle, M. (1968). The
Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper and Row.
- Collins, B. S. & Inger Mees (1989) The Real Professor Higgins: The
Life and
Career of Daniel Jones Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
- Collins, Beverley and Mees, Inger, 2003..2008. Practical phonetics and
phonology. London: Routledge
- Concise
Oxford Dictionary of
Current English (1990 etc) ed. R. E. Allen.
Oxford:OUP
- Crystal, D. (1969). Prosodic
Systems and Intonation in English.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Crystal, D. & D. Davy (1975) Advanced Conversational English.
London:Longman.
- Crystal, D. (1991). A
Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Oxford:
Basil Blackwell.
- Cruttenden, A. (1986)
Intonation.
Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press.
- Cruttenden's (revisions of) Gimson's Pronunciation of English (1994...2008) London: Edward Arnold; Hodder Education
- DeLattre, Pierre & Freeman (1968). A Dialect Study
of
American R's
by X-Ray Motion Picture. Linguistics
Vol. 44 pp 30-68
- Finch, Diana F. & Ortiz Lira, Hector (1982) A Course in English Phonetics for Spanish Speakers Heinemann
- Fowler, H. W. & F. G. (1911) Concise Oxford Dictionary of
Current
English Oxford:OUP
- Fry, D.B. (1947). The Frequency of Occurrence of Speech
Sounds in
Southern English. Archives
Néerlandaises de Phonétique
Expérimentale
vol xx.
- Funk, I. K. (1914) New Standard Dictionary of the English Language London: Waverley Book Co.
- Gimson, A. C. (1956). The Linguistic Relevance of Stress in
English. Zeitschrift
für Phonetik
vol. 9
- Gimson, A. C. (1962, 1970, 1980, 1989) An Introduction to the
Pronunciation of English. London : Edward Arnold.
- Gimson, A.C. (1973) Phonology and the lexicographer Annals of the New
York Academy of Sciences vol. 211
- Gimson, A. C. (1977) Unpublished Introductory Address to
the
first
Leeds University International Conference on the Teaching of Spoken
English
- Gimson's
Pronunciation of
English Fifth edition (1994); Seventh edition (2008) edited by Alan
Cruttenden. London: Edward Arnold; Hodder Education
- Gregory, Omar Dean (1966) A
Comparative Description of the Intonation
of British and American English for Teachers of English as a Foreign
Language D. Ed. thesis Columbia University
- Gussenhoven, C. (1983) A
semantic analysis of the nuclear tones of
English Indiana: Indiana University Linguistics Club
- Halliday, Michael (1970) A
Course in Spoken English: Intonation.
London: Oxford University Press
- Hanks, Patrick & Flavia Hodges (1988) A Dictionary of Surnames OUP
- Henderson, E. J. A. ed. (1971) The
Indispensable Foundation: the writings of Henry Sweet.
- Henton, C. G. (1983) Changes in the vowels of received pronunciation Journal of Phonetics
vol.
11: 353-371
- Hornby, A. S. et al. (Oxford)
Advanced Learner's Dictionary (of Current
English) (1948, 1963, 1974, 1995 etc) Oxford: OUP ("ALD")
- IPA (1999) Handbook
of the
International Phonetic Association: A Guide
to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge:
Cambridge
University Press.
- Jassem, Wiktor (1949) Indication of rhythm in the
transcription
of
educated Southern English
Le Maître Phonétique
(pp 22-24)
- Jassem, Wiktor (1983, 1987). The
Phonology of Modern English. Warsaw:
Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
- Jassem, W. (1950). Phonemic transcription of the vowels of
educated
Southern English. Le
Maître Phonétique10-12.
- Jassem, W. (1952) Intonation
of Conversational English. Warsaw: Polish
Academy of Sciences.
- Jones, Daniel (1918, 1932 etc) An
Outline of English Phonetics
Leipzig: Teubner / London: Cambridge University Press
- Jones, Daniel (1937) On "Received Pronunciation". London:
International
Phonetic Association
- Jones, Daniel (1949 anonymously at publication but see The Phoneme p. 268) The Principles of the
International
Phonetic Association. London:IPA
- Jones, Daniel (1950,1958) The
Pronunciation of English Cambridge:CUP
- Jones, Daniel (1950, 1962, 1967) The Phoneme: its nature and use
Cambridge UK:Heffer
- Jones, Daniel (1917-1956). English
Pronouncing Dictionary London: J. M. Dent
- Jones, D. (1988-90). Edited by A. C. Gimson and Susan
Ramsaran. English
Pronouncing Dictionary.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University
Press.
- Jones, D. (1997, 2003, 2008) Editors: P. Roach, J.
Hartman &
J. Setter. English
Pronouncing
Dictionary
(15th-17th edns). Cambridge UK:
Cambridge University Press. ("EPD")
- Kenyon, John S. & Thomas A. Knott A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English. Springfield, Mass USA: Merriam Co
- Kingdon, Roger. (1958). The
Groundwork of English Stress. London:
Longman.
- Kingdon, Roger (1958) The
Groundwork of English Intonation. London:
Longman
- Kingdon, Roger (1958) English
Intonation Practice. London: Longman
- Kingdon, Roger (1964) 'The Representation of vowels' in
Abercrombie et
al. (eds) In Honour of
Daniel Jones.
London:Longmans
- Kingdon, Roger (1969) Palmer's
Grammar of Spoken English Cambridge,
England: Heffer.
- Krapp, George Philip (1919) The
Pronunciation of Standard English in
America Springfield, Mass USA:Merriam Co
- Ladefoged, P. (1975, 1982, 1992) A Course in Phonetics.
New York
etc:
Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.
- Ladefoged, P., Draper, M. H. & Whitteridge, E. P.
(1958).
Syllables
and stress. Miscellanea
Phonetica
3, 1-14.
- Longman
Dictionary of
Contemporary English (1978 etc) Harlow, Essex,
UK:Longman. ("LDCE")
- New Shorter
Oxford English
Dictionary, The (1993) ed. Lesley Brown.
Oxford:OUP
- Leech, Geoffrey & Svartvik, Jan (1975) A Communicative Grammar of
English London: Longman.
- Maddieson, Ian (1984)
Patterns
of Sounds. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge
University Press.
- Mangold, Max (1962, 2005) Der
Grosse
Duden Aussprachewörterbuch. Germany, Mannheim:
Duden
- Merriam-Webster
Online
Dictionary "The Merriam-Webster Online
Dictionary is based on the print version of Merriam-Webster's
Collegiate® Dictionary, Eleventh Edition."
- Michaelis, Herman & Jones, Daniel A Phonetic Dictionary of the English Language Berlin: Carl Meyer
- Mott, Brian (2011) English
Phonetics and Phonology for Spanish Speakers Univ. of Barcelona.
- Miller, G. M. (1971) BBC
Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names.
London: OUP
- Murray, Sir J.A.H. et al. (1884-1993, 1989).
Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Nolan, Francis (1983).The
phonetic bases of speaker recognition.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- O'Connor, J. D. (1967, 1980) Better
English Pronunciation London:
Cambridge University Press
- O'Connor, J. D. (1971) Advanced
Phonetic Reader. London: Cambridge
University Press
- O'Connor, J. D. & Arnold, G. F. (1961, 1973) Intonation of
Colloquial English London: Longman
- Olausson, Lena & Catherine Sangster (2006) Oxford BBC Guide to
Pronunciation. Oxford: OUP
- Palmer, Harold (1922) English
Intonation. Cambridge, England: Heffer.
- Palmer, Harold, J. V. Martin & F. G. Blandford (1926) A Dictionary of English Pronunciation with American Variants Cambridge UK : Heffer.
- Pike, Kenneth (1943). Phonetics.
Ann Arbor: University of Michigan
Press.
- Pike, Kenneth (1945).
The
Intonation of American English. Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan Press.
- Proctor, Paul editor-in-chief (1995) Cambridge International
Dictionary
of English. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.
("CID")
- Random House
Dictionary of the
English Language, The (1966) ed. Jess Stein. New York:
Random Ho.
- Rosewarne, D. (1994). "Estuary English:Tomorrow's RP?". English Today
10.1. 3-8.
- Sheridan, Thomas (1780) A General Dictionary of the English Language
- Strevens, Peter (1954) 'Representation of rate-of-change of
tongue-position' Le
Maître Phonétique
(pp 24-26).
- Strevens, Peter (1972) British
and American English Collier-MacMillan: London.
- Sweet, Henry (1885) Elementarbuch
des gesprochenen Englisch. Oxford:
Clarendon Press.
- Trudgill, Peter & Jean Hannah (1994) International English
London:
Edward Arnold.
- Uldall, Elizabeth (1939) The
Intonation of American English.
- Upton, Clive, Wm A. Kretzschmar Jr & Rafal Konopka
(2001) The
Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English.
Oxford: OUP.
- Ward, Ida C. (1929, -31,-45, -72) The Phonetics of English Cambridge UK:Heffer.
- Walker, John. (1787). The
melody
of speaking delineated. London.
- Walker, John. (1791, re-issue 1849). A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary. Tho. Nelson. London.
- Webster's
Third New
International Dictionary of the English Language (1962)
London:
G. Bell & Sons.
- Wells, J. C. (1970) Local accents in England and Wales Journal of
Linguistics 6 231-52
- Wells, J. C. (1971) Review of J. Windsor Lewis: A Guide to
English
Pronunciation English
Studies
52, 4.
- Wells, J. C. (1982) Accents
of
English. (3 vols). Cambridge, England:
CUP.
- Wells, J. C. (1990, 2000, 2008) Longman
Pronunciation Dictionary. London:
Longman Group UK Limited ("LPD").
- Wells, Stanley & Gary Taylor (1986) William Shakespeare The Complete Works Original-Spelling Edition OUP
- Wyld, Henry Cecil (1932) The
Universal Dictionary of the English
Language London: Herbert Joseph.
- Wyld, Henry Cecil (1920, 1936) A History of Modern Colloquial English Oxford:Blackwell.